- In 44 B.C. Caesar secured a vote from the Senate making him dictator for life.
- Caesars death did not restore the Republic, it produced another crop of war lords and more bouts of civil wars.
- the senate proclaimed Julius Caesar as a "divine being" (divus)
- In 31 B.C. the rulers of the two halves of Rome's empire went to war.
The Roman Peace
- Augustus's new system of government kept many features of the Roman Republic, allowed subject peoples a good deal of self-rule, and brought Rome's destabilizing expansion to a halt. The result was two hundred years of stability that modern scholars call the Roman Peace.
- "the era of the Roman Peace was one of massive social, religious, and cultural changes that would form a new pattern of western civilization."
- Augustan Settlement
- Princeps- "First Citizen", a traditional Roman name for prominent leaders who were considered indispensable to the Republic that came to be used by Augustus and other early emperors.
- Reform, Reconstruction, and the End of Expansion.
- Augustus began a whole series of large-scale reforms.
- First, he brought the system of government appointments under his personal control.
- Second, He showed respect for local institutions and encouraged provincial leaders to fulfill their responsibilities.
- Third, Augustus reorganized the army to ensure the loyalty of the rank and file soldiers.
- Then he brought about is single most drastic reform. Making soldiers volunteers.
- Permanent Monarchy
- caesar- the imperial title given to the designated successor of a reigning emperor.
- augustus - The imperial title given to a reigning emperor
- Roman Peace- (Pax Romana) A term used to refer to the relative stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the Mediterranean world and much of western Europe during the first and second centuries A.D.
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